Study Notes

All the processes share the environment variables, as the local variables.when log out, these configuration wil be invalid. So, it is usually to define the environment setting in “.profile” files.The system administrator have the privilege to pre-define some global variables in the “/etc/profile”, which means for every time the users log in, the system will be initialized by this variables exiting in the “/etc/profile”.

The global variables is always using upcase letters for distinction of other local variables.

Pay attention, issue the “export” command before the variables are used, otherwise, the variables do not take any effect in the processes.

1.Set the environment variables:
# VARIABLE_NAME=value;export VARIABLE_NAME
or # VARIABLE_NAME=value
# export VARIABLE_NAME

2.Show the value:
# echo $VARIABLE_NAME
List all the environment variables:
# env

3.Clear/unset the variables:
# unset $VARIABLE_NAME

HOME: declared in the last 2 items of “/etc/passwd”

IFS: default separation character of Shell, for example:
# export IFS=: (change the default setting “space” to “:”)
# echo $PATH
/sbin /bin /usr/bin /usr/sbin

LOGNAME: log name

MAIL: path of mail box directory

PATH: the sequence of directory which would have the command executing. The system read from the first item of PATH to the last, and issue the command when found in the directory listed.
Colon (“:”) acts as the separator of PATH line, for example:
# PATH=$HOME/bin:.:/bin:/usr ; export PATH
“.” means current directory.
PATH could be modified as this syntax:
# PATH=$PATH:/$HOME/bin; export PATH

SHELL: default Shell, this information could also be found in “/etc/passwd”

EDITOR: editor, for example,”vi”

PWD: current directory path

MANPATH: Manual directory path, use colon as separator.

How to export all the environment variables togethe?
# set -a

$#: the count of parameter passing to the script
$$: the script’s current PID.
$?: the status to check if the script has error or not. “0” presents ok,other number means troubles have been happened. This variables is very important for debug and testing.

Shell variables identify the system enviroment, it is convenient to keep useful information.customer settings, and some temporary messages.

Local Variables
Local variables could only be used in user’s current Shell instance.If log out or shutdown the instance, these local variables are invalidate.So, its advantage is that users can not modify the other Shell’s local setting.
The variables of Shell are always included by pairs of {} which mark the inside strings as variables.
Syntax: # variable-name=value
or # {variable-name=value}
The following models are listed for various usage:
1.variable-name=value : identify the varaible with the “value” listed
2.variable-name+value : usring the “value” instead of the former setting.
3.variable-name:?value : if the variable is not defined, then displays customer error messages.
4.variable-name? : if the variable is not defined, then displays the system warning.
5.varible-name:=value : if the variable is not defined, then put “value” to it.

Display variables:
# echo ${variable-name}
# echo variable-name

Clear the setting:
# unset variable-name

Display all the local variables:
# set

The following example is designed to show how to identify whether the variables has been modified or not.
# color=blue
# echo “COLOR is ${color:=grey}”
COLOR is blue
# unset color
# echo “COLOR is ${color=grey}”
COLOR is grey

Using variables to hold some information:
# source = “/test1”
# dest = “/test2”
# cp ${source} ${dest}

Set the variable read only:
# readonly variable-name
Which variables has been configurated as readonly?
# readonly

When login on the Linux system, the following steps must be passing by.

First,the system will check the password and user name inputed from the “/etc/passwd” file which is a pure text file. Each line of “/etc/passwd” can be splited to 7 partitions.
for example:
root:x: 0: 0: root:/root:/bin/bash
[1] [2][3][4] [5] [6] [7]
[1]: the 1st partition, means the login name,here is root
[2]: the password which has been encrypted.
[5]: the whole user name
[6]: the user’s directory, of course, the root’s HOME directory is “root”
[7]: the user’s SHELL, default setting is “/bin/bash”

Second and third, the system will execute two environment configuration files: “/etc/profile” and “.profile” which is always located at user’s home directory.

“/etc/profile” contains both global and local variables settings which is could be accessed by sessions and instances. PATH information, termina configuration, and security commands are also declared in this files(I think KDE wallet is such tool in Mandriva).
It indicated the date and recorder the events when log on.

“.profile”, is build up as new user created, this configuration could recovery some items of /etc/profiles by using “unset” command.

If we want to make the two files actively right now, log in again or issue the following commands: # ./pathname/file

stty, is used to set temina features. query the current configuration,executing “# stty -a”

In some cased, we need to create “.logout” file. Edit the “.profile”, and add the following line:
trap ” $HOME/.logout” 0
when the users log out, the signal “0” was passed, it meangs quit from SHELL now, and before this matter happen, “.logout” file was executed.

Memorable Quotes from The Shawshank Redemption (1994)

Hope is a dangerous thing. Hope can drive a man insane.

I have no idea to this day what those two Italian ladies were singing about. Truth is, I don’t want to know. Some things are best left unsaid. I’d like to think they were singing about something so beautiful, it can’t be expressed in words, and makes your heart ache because of it. I tell you, those voices soared higher and farther than anybody in a gray place dares to dream. It was like some beautiful bird flapped into our drab little cage and made those walls dissolve away, and for the briefest of moments, every last man in Shawshank felt free.

There are places in this world that aren’t made out of stone, and that there’s something inside that they can’t get to ,and that they can’t touch. It’s yours.
What’re you talking about? Andy Dufresne: Hope.

Remember, hope is a good thing, maybe the best of things. And no good thing ever dies.

We sat and drank with the sun on our shoulders and felt like free men. Hell, we could have been tarring the roof of one of our own houses. We were the lords of all creation.

I find I’m so excited, I can barely sit still or hold a thought in my head. I think it’s the excitement only a free man can feel, a free man at the start of a long journey whose conclusion is uncertain. I hope I can make it across the border. I hope to see my friend, and shake his hand. I hope the Pacific is as blue as it has been in my dreams. I hope.

Get busy living, or get busy dying.

I have to remind myself that some birds aren’t meant to be caged. Their feathers are just too bright. And when they fly away, the part of you that knows it was a sin to lock them up DOES rejoice. Still, the place you live in is that much more drab and empty that they’re gone. I guess I just miss my friend.

I find I’m so excited, I can barely sit still or hold a thought in my head. I think it the excitement only a free man can feel, a free man at the start of a long journey whose conclusion is uncertain. I hope I can make it across the border. I hope to see my friend, and shake his hand. I hope the Pacific is as blue as it has been in my dreams. I hope.

Memorable Quotes from The Weather Man (2005)

Do you know that the harder thing to do and the right thing to do are usually the same thing? Nothing that has meaning is easy. “Easy” doesn’t enter into grown-up life.

Always fast food. Fast food. Things that people would rather throw out than finish. It’s easy, it tastes all right, but it doesn’t really provide you any nourishment. I’m fast food.

In this shit life, you have to chuck some things.

“Throughout marriage, BJs lacked enthusiasm. Had difference of opinion over how important that was. I thought very.” You know what, Dave? You want to know why my BJs lacked enthusiasm? I hated you. I hated your hair. I hated your ugly legs, your forearms. I hated kissing your lips, Dave. Okay? And that’s why I lacked enthusiasm when your cock was in my mouth.

I remember once imagining what my life would be like, what I’d be like. I pictured having all these qualities, strong positive qualities that people could pick up on from across the room. But as time passed, few ever became any qualities that I actually had. And all the possibilities I faced and the sorts of people I could be, all of them got reduced every year to fewer and fewer. Until finally they got reduced to one, to who I am. And that’s who I am, the weather man.

I alway use KGhostView to read PDF documents in my Mandriva, but KGhostView could only display English well, if reading the Simplified Chinese files, KGhostView show nothing excepting of some pictures. This issue had annoyed me for long time since Mandriva installed. When I wanted to study Linux Shell by reading pfd resources downloaded from Chinapub.com, I had to connect to remote computer which has Microsoft Windows.

There were two windows computers in my controlling, for some reason, both of these two computers were unavailable. So I had to find a way to read Simplified Chinese pdf files in my Mandriva.

I’ve configured KGhostView and tried again, nothing appeared. Then Xpdf which is another pdf readed owner by Mandriva(Maybe other Linux distributions also contains) became to my mind.

Xpdf could not support Simplified Chinese directly, I used the following steps to resolve this problem.

First, chech which rpm packages about XPdf had been installed:
# rpm -qa | grep “xpdf”
In Mandriva, the result is ‘xpdf-3.01-1mdk’, OK, I’ll download the simplified Chinese package for xpdf and install it. The xpdf government website is in construction statues, and I found that rpm name “xpdf-chinese-simplified” in rpmfinder.net.
Executing the following command to install it:
# rpm -ivh xpdf-chinese-simplified-2.01-8.i386.rpm
Now, I am ready to configure xpdf.

Modify the ‘/usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/add-to-xpdfrc.chinese’ (in Mandriva), change all the ‘/usr/local/share’ instead of ‘/usr/share’, and save it.
(After modified)
# vi /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/add-to-xpdfrc.chinese

#—– begin Chinese Simplified support package (2002-jun-17)
cidToUnicode Adobe-GB1 /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/Adobe-GB1.cidToUnicode
unicodeMap ISO-2022-CN /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/ISO-2022-CN.unicodeMap
unicodeMap EUC-CN /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/EUC-CN.unicodeMap
unicodeMap GBK /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/GBK.unicodeMap
cMapDir Adobe-GB1 /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/CMap
toUnicodeDir /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/CMap
displayCIDFontX Adobe-GB1 “-*-fangsong ti-medium-r-normal-*-%s-*-*-*-*-*-gb2312.1980-0” ISO-2022-CN
#—– end Chinese Simplified support package

Note, in some Linux distributions, this files maybe contains the ‘Adobe-GB1’ like ‘Adobe-G1’ because the programer has error in writing ‘GB’ string. if the string is ‘Adobe-G1’, we have to modify it to ‘Adobe-GB1’ by ourself.

Final lap, open the ‘/etc/xpdfrc’, and add all the lines of “/usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/add-to-xpdfrc.chinese” into this configuration.
(After added)
# vi /etc/xpdfrc
#========================================================================
#
# Sample xpdfrc file
#
# The Xpdf tools look for a config file in two places:
# 1. ~/.xpdfrc
# 2. in a system-wide directory, typically /usr/local/etc/xpdfrc
#
# This sample config file demonstrates some of the more common
# configuration options. Everything here is commented out. You
# should edit things (especially the file/directory paths, since
# they’ll likely be different on your system), and uncomment whichever
# options you want to use. For complete details on config file syntax
# and available options, please see the xpdfrc(5) man page.
#
# Also, the Xpdf language support packages each include a set of
# options to be added to the xpdfrc file.
#
# http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf/
#
#========================================================================

#—– display fonts

# These map the Base-14 fonts to the Type 1 fonts that ship with
# ghostscript. You’ll almost certainly want to use something like
# this, but you’ll need to adjust this to point to wherever
# ghostscript is installed on your system. (But if the fonts are
# installed in a “standard” location, xpdf will find them
# automatically.)

displayFontT1 Times-Roman /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/n021003l.pfb
displayFontT1 Times-Italic /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/n021023l.pfb
displayFontT1 Times-Bold /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/n021004l.pfb
displayFontT1 Times-BoldItalic /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/n021024l.pfb
displayFontT1 Helvetica /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/n019003l.pfb
displayFontT1 Helvetica-Oblique /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/n019023l.pfb
displayFontT1 Helvetica-Bold /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/n019004l.pfb
displayFontT1 Helvetica-BoldOblique /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/n019024l.pfb
displayFontT1 Courier /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/n022003l.pfb
displayFontT1 Courier-Oblique /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/n022023l.pfb
displayFontT1 Courier-Bold /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/n022004l.pfb
displayFontT1 Courier-BoldOblique /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/n022024l.pfb
displayFontT1 Symbol /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/s050000l.pfb
displayFontT1 ZapfDingbats /usr/share/fonts/default/Type1/d050000l.pfb

# If you need to display PDF files that refer to non-embedded fonts,
# you should add one or more fontDir options to point to the
# directories containing the font files. Xpdf will only look at .pfa,
# .pfb, and .ttf files in those directories (other files will simply
# be ignored).

#fontDir /usr/local/fonts/bakoma

#—– PostScript output control

# Set the default PostScript file or command.

#psFile “|lpr -Pmyprinter”

# Set the default PostScript paper size — this can be letter, legal,
# A4, or A3. You can also specify a paper size as width and height
# (in points).

psPaperSize A4

#—– text output control

# Choose a text encoding for copy-and-paste and for pdftotext output.
# The Latin1, ASCII7, and UTF-8 encodings are built into Xpdf. Other
# encodings are available in the language support packages.

#textEncoding UTF-8

# Choose the end-of-line convention for multi-line copy-and-past and
# for pdftotext output. The available options are unix, mac, and dos.

textEOL unix

#—– misc settings

# Enable t1lib, FreeType, and anti-aliased text.

enableT1lib no
enableFreeType yes
antialias yes

# Set the command used to run a web browser when a URL hyperlink is
# clicked.

urlCommand “www-browser %s”

#—– begin Chinese Simplified support package (2002-jun-17)
cidToUnicode Adobe-GB1 /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/Adobe-GB1.cidToUnicode
unicodeMap ISO-2022-CN /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/ISO-2022-CN.unicodeMap
unicodeMap EUC-CN /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/EUC-CN.unicodeMap
unicodeMap GBK /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/GBK.unicodeMap
cMapDir Adobe-GB1 /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/CMap
toUnicodeDir /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/CMap
#displayCIDFontX Adobe-GB1 “-*-fangsong ti-medium-r-normal-*-%s-*-*-*-*-*-gb2312.1980-0” ISO-2022-CN
displayCIDFontTT Adobe-GB1 /usr/share/fonts/ttf/chinese/fireflysung.ttf
#—– end Chinese Simplified support package

#—– begin Chinese Traditional support package (2002-apr-14)
cidToUnicode Adobe-CNS1 /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-traditional/Adobe-CNS1.cidToUnicode
unicodeMap Big5 /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-traditional/Big5.unicodeMap
unicodeMap Big5ascii /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-traditional/Big5ascii.unicodeMap
cMapDir Adobe-CNS1 /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-traditional/CMap
toUnicodeDir /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-traditional/CMap
#displayCIDFontX Adobe-CNS1 “-*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-%s-*-*-*-*-*-big5-0” Big5
# If you have the Arphic fonts, you may want to use this instead:
# displayCIDFontX Adobe-CNS1 “-arphic-ar pl kaitim big5-medium-r-normal–%s-*-*-*-c-*-iso10646-1” UCS-2
displayCIDFontTT Adobe-CNS1 /usr/share/fonts/ttf/chinese/fireflysung.ttf
#—– end Chinese Traditional support package

#—– begin Cyrillic support package (2003-jun-28)
nameToUnicode /usr/share/xpdf/cyrillic/Bulgarian.nameToUnicode
unicodeMap KOI8-R /usr/share/xpdf/cyrillic/KOI8-R.unicodeMap
#—– end Cyrillic support package

#—– begin Japanese support package (2002-apr-01)
cidToUnicode Adobe-Japan1 /usr/share/xpdf/japanese/Adobe-Japan1.cidToUnicode
unicodeMap ISO-2022-JP /usr/share/xpdf/japanese/ISO-2022-JP.unicodeMap
unicodeMap EUC-JP /usr/share/xpdf/japanese/EUC-JP.unicodeMap
unicodeMap Shift-JIS /usr/share/xpdf/japanese/Shift-JIS.unicodeMap
cMapDir Adobe-Japan1 /usr/share/xpdf/japanese/CMap
toUnicodeDir /usr/share/xpdf/japanese/CMap
#displayCIDFontX Adobe-Japan1 “-*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-%s-*-*-*-*-*-jisx0208.1983-0” ISO-2022-JP
#—– end Japanese support package

#—– begin Korean support package (2002-apr-01)
cidToUnicode Adobe-Korea1 /usr/share/xpdf/korean/Adobe-Korea1.cidToUnicode
unicodeMap ISO-2022-KR /usr/share/xpdf/korean/ISO-2022-KR.unicodeMap
cMapDir Adobe-Korea1 /usr/share/xpdf/korean/CMap
toUnicodeDir /usr/share/xpdf/korean/CMap
#displayCIDFontX Adobe-Korea1 “-*-mincho-medium-r-normal-*-%s-*-*-*-*-*-ksc5601.1987-0” ISO-2022-KR
#—– end Korean support package

#—– begin Thai support package (2002-jan-16)
nameToUnicode /usr/share/xpdf/thai/Thai.nameToUnicode
unicodeMap TIS-620 /usr/share/xpdf/thai/TIS-620.unicodeMap
#—– end Thai support package

#—– begin Greek support package (2003-jun-28)
nameToUnicode /usr/share/xpdf/greek/Greek.nameToUnicode
unicodeMap ISO-8859-7 /usr/share/xpdf/greek/ISO-8859-7.unicodeMap
#—– end Greek support package

#—– begin Latin2 support package (2002-oct-22)
unicodeMap Latin2 /usr/share/xpdf/latin2/Latin2.unicodeMap
#—– end Latin2 support package

#—– begin Turkish support package (2002-apr-10)
unicodeMap ISO-8859-9 /usr/share/xpdf/turkish/ISO-8859-9.unicodeMap
#—– end Turkish support package

#—– begin Hebrew support package (2003-feb-16)
unicodeMap ISO-8859-8 /usr/share/xpdf/hebrew/ISO-8859-8.unicodeMap
unicodeMap Windows-1255 /usr/share/xpdf/hebrew/Windows-1255.unicodeMap
#—– end Hebrew support package

#—– begin Arabic support package (2003-feb-16)
unicodeMap ISO-8859-6 /usr/share/xpdf/arabic/ISO-8859-6.unicodeMap

#—– begin Chinese Simplified support package (2002-jun-17)
cidToUnicode Adobe-GB1 /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/Adobe-GB1.cidToUnicode
unicodeMap ISO-2022-CN /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/ISO-2022-CN.unicodeMap
unicodeMap EUC-CN /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/EUC-CN.unicodeMap
unicodeMap GBK /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/GBK.unicodeMap
cMapDir Adobe-GB1 /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/CMap
toUnicodeDir /usr/share/xpdf/chinese-simplified/CMap
displayCIDFontX Adobe-GB1 “-*-fangsong ti-medium-r-normal-*-%s-*-*-*-*-*-gb2312.1980-0” ISO-2022-CN
#—– end Chinese Simplified support package

#—– end Arabic support package

Save the modified file, run the xpdf program, simplified Chinese is able to read perfectly! Yeah, that’s what I want!

There are two riser card in Intel SC2400 platform. One is full height, and the other is low profile. The low profile riser card had three PCI-X 100/66 slots. Full height has three option items:
Passive, which contains three PCI-X 100/66 slots;
Active, two PCI-X 133/66 slots located in top two position, and one PCI-X 100/66 slot.
Option 3, one PCI-X 100/66 and two PCI-E x 4 slots.

Powerleader’s default order is Passive.

In SC1400 platform which is 1U rack,
Low profile riser card: one PCI-X 100/66 slot
Full height riser card: one PCI-X 133/66 or one PCI-E x 8.

There are 71 2300RGII(7501WV2/SC2300) servers in the production line. And the worker told me the alter LED in the front panel is always glaring in some machines. I tried to re-flashed the BIOS and FRUSDR, the nosie is lower, and it seemed the LED do not alert. But if the machines is powered off for some minutes,and then power on again, the LED would be glaring again.

Finally, I found the resolution.It will be resolved by the following way:
1. Update the FRUSRD to 5.6.B
2. Update the BMC to 1.20
3. Update the BIOS to 3.90 build 250
4. Clear CMOS
the operation must be taken in former order.

Changsha customer asked if they could only replace the RAID card when the original RAID card halted. The answer is yes. Because the RAID information is written to both RAID Card and Hard Diskes,once the new raid card is inserted, the information will be translated from harddisk to raid card automatically. I’ve done this test in 2510(BD2 / Intel SRCZCRX),when the raid card is replaces,it alters, and will show messages about recovery.

Sapello,pilot point 4 DP:
Non-redundant 550W PFC Power Supply;
Two non-redundant cooling fans;
Support for six tool for non-hotswap hard drivers;
Cable(one each): Front panel cable,USB cable, Chassis Instrusion cable.

Silver 5C5299DP(Polot Point 4 DP) with 550W fix PSU, 2 Chassis fan,racable,support up to 6 fixed drivers,upgradable to 6 hot swap drivers.support Sapello and Star Lake.

Thermal Solutions:
http://mpes.fm.intel.com/default.aspx

Bensley CPU Thermal/Machine:
1U passive Cu base (78.7mm x 88.9mm)
Chassis: SSI compliant Chassis list:
http://www.ssiforum.org

S5000VSA(SATA SKU) Server Board
FYI: Operation system drivers:
“Alpha” drivers for Microsoft Windows Server 2003 and Microsoft Windows Server EM64T,RHEL 4.0 u2 and RHEL 4.0u2 EM64T.

Dempsey(1067MHz FSB/2M Cache/Dual Core)

Ther boards provide eight fan headers:
One Memory fan,two for CPU fans and five for system fans.

Intel S5000 Chipset (codename: blackford)
OS Test : Basic Installation Testing, Compability and stress testing.
MS 2003 Enterprise Edition x32 & x64
RHEL Linux 4.0 U2 x 64
SuSE Linux Enterprise 9.0 SP3 x64

Memory: Micron 256MB,Infineon 512MB/1GB,Micron 2.0GB

The Intel server board S5000VSA(Sapello) is designed to support the 3.4GHz(and higher)/1067 MHz FSB/2M L2 cache Intel Xeon Processors.

If there are any error in the testing, we could use SEL to view the log.

Tr is used to delete controll characters and substance characters from standard input file.There are two strings, one indicates query conditions, and anther is used to translate between characters. When using tr, the first string is imaged to the second string, and then begin to translate.
syntax: tr -c -d -s [*string1_to_translate_from*] [string2_to_] file
-c : use the other character set except for itself in ASCII to substance the original.
-d : delete all the character existing in the first string
-s : delete all the duplicate character, and only keep the unique character.
1. delete duplicate lines:
# vi oops.txt
Baaarcelona vvs Chellseaa
# tr -s “[a-z]” oops.txt
Barcelona vs Chelsea
2. delete null lines.
# tr -s “[